Antartica Minerals

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Volume 36, pages 362-367, 1951

ON THE MINERALOGY OF ANTARCTICA

DUNCAN STEWART, JR., Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota

Since 1895 ninety-six papers have been published relating to Antarctic mineralogy and petrography. Dr. Johannes Petersen (1895: 275-278) was the first to publish on Antarctic petrography. He described the basalt of Mount Christen Christensen (Christensen-Vulkan) of Robertson Island, West Antarctica.

The following is a list of the 167 mineral species, subspecies, and varieties, as well as those of questionable occurrence, that have been reported from Antarctica. A number of these have been determined only microscopically, and in the case of gold its presence has been determined only by chemical analysis.

Acmite Andalusite Aphrosiderite Beryl

Actinolite Andesine Apophyllite Biotite

Adularia Andradite Arfvedsonite Bornite

Aegirine-augite Anomite Arsenopyrite Bronzite

Allanite Anorthite Atacamite Brookite

Almandite Anorthoclase Augite Brucite

Analbite? Anthophyllite Azurite Brushite?

Analcite Antigorite Barkevikite Bytownite

Anatase Apatite Basaltic hornblende Calcite

Cancrinite Forsterite Mesolite Scapolite

Cassiterite Galena Microcline Scolecite

Ceylonite Glauconite Microperthite Sericite

Chalcopyrite Glaucophane Mirabilite Serpentine

Chlor-apatite Gold Mizzonite Siderite

Chloritoid Graphite Molybdenite Sillimanite

Chondrodite Grossularite Muscovite Sodalite

Christensenite Gypsum Natrolite Soda-orthoclase

Chrome diopside Hedenbergite Nephelite Spessartite?

Chromite Hematite Newberyite? Sphalerite

Chrysolite Hercynite Nosean Sphene

Chrysotile Heulandite Oligoclase Stercorite

Clinochlore Hornblende Olivine Stibnite

Clinoenstatite Hypersthene Orthoclase Stilbite

Clinohumite? Iddingsite Paragonite? Talc

Cordierite Ilmenite Pargasite Tetrahedrite

Corundum Kaersutite? Penninite Thomsonite

Cossyrite Kaolinite Phlogopite Titaniferous aegirine-augite

Cristobalite? Katophorite? Picotite

Cummingtonite Kornerupine? Piedmontite Titaniferous augite

Damourite Kyanite Pigeonite Titanomagnetite

Delessite Labradorite Pinite Topaz

Diallage Laumontite Pistacite Tourmaline

Diopside Lawsonite Prehnite Tremolite

Dolomite Lepidolite Prochlorite Tridymite

Dumortierite Lepidomelane Pyrite Vermiculite?

Edenite Leucite Pyrrhotite Vesuvianite

Enstatite Leucoxene Quartz Woehlerite

Enstatite-augite Limonite Riebeckite Wollastonite

Fassaite? Magnetite Rutile Xenotime

Fayalite Malachite Salite Zircon

Ferrimolybdite Malacolite Sanidine Zoisite

Fluorite Meionite Sapphire

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BAECKSTRÖM, OLOF (1915), Petrographische Beschreibung einiger Basalte von Patagonien, Westantarktika und den Süd-Sandwich-Inseln. Bull. Geol. Inst. Upsala, 13, 115-182.

BARTH, T. F. W., AND PER HOLMSEN (1939), Rocks from the Antarctandes and the Southern Antilles. Being a description of rock samples collected by Olaf Holtedahl 19271928, and a discussion of their mode of origin. Sci. Res. Norwegian Antarctic Exped., 1927-1928 et sqq. 18. Norske Videnskaps-Akademie i Oslo, 1-64.

_______ (1940), Notes on igneous and palingenic rocks from the Antarctic Archipelago. A contribution to the petrology of circum-Pacific rock types. Proc. Sixth Pacific Sci Cong., 1939, 2, 747-754.

________, AND ASLAK KvALIEIM (1944), Christensenite, a solid solution of nepheline in tridymite. Sci. Res. Norwegian Antarctic Exped. 1927-1928 et sqq. 22. Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, 1-9.

BENSON, W. N. (1916), Report on the petrology of the dolerites collected by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-1909. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-9. Repts. Sci. Investigations. Geol., 2, pt. 9, 153-160.

BERTHOIS, LEOPOLD (1935), Diorite quartzifere de la Terre Adelie (Antarctique fancaise). Soc. Giol. et Mineral. Bretagne, C.R. Stances. An. 1, 1, 5.

BODMAN, GÖSTA (1916), Petrographische studien über einige antarktische gesteine. Wissen-schaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Exped. 1901-03. Geologie und Paläon-tologie, 3, pt. 15, 1-100.

BROCH, O. A. (1927), Gesteine von dem Peter I-Insel, West-Antarktis. Avhandlinger utgitt av Norske Videnskaps, Akademi i Oslo. Mat. -Naturv. Kl., 9, 1-41.

________ (1946), Two contributions to Antarctic petrography. II. Rocks from Ingrid Christensens Land, Antarctica. Sci. Res. Norwegian Antarctic Exped. 1927-1928 et sqq. 25. Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, 27-32.

BROWNE, W. R. (1923), The dolerites of King George Land and Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts., ser. A, 3, Geol. pt. 3, 245-258.

BURRI, C. R. (1926), Chemismus und provinziale Verhältnisse der jung-eruptiven Gesteine der pazifischen Ozeans und seiner Umrandung. Schweizerische Mineral. Petrograp, Mitteil., 6, 1, 115-199.

COHEN, F. (1916), Aegirine-augite crystals from a microsanidinite out of the trachyte from Mount Cis, Ross Island. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-9. Repts. Sci. Investigations, Geol. 2. Appendix pt. 8, 149-151.

COTTON, L. A. (1916), Petrographical notes on some rocks retrieved from the cache at Depot Island, Antarctic. Ibid. Appendix pt. 13, 235-237.

COULSON, A. L. (1925), Magnetite garnet rocks from the moraines, Cape Denison, Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts. Ser. A, 3, Geol. pt. 5, 281 305.

DAVID, T. W. E., SMEETH, W. F., AND SCHOFIELD, J. A. (1896), Notes on Antarctic rocks collected by Mr. C. E. Borchgrevink. Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 1895,29,461-492.

FENNER, C. N. (1938), Olivine fourchites from Raymond Fosdick Mountains, Antarctica. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 49, 367-400.

GEIKIE, ARCHIBALD (1898), Notes on some specimens of rocks from Antarctic regions, With petrographical notes by J. J. H. Teall. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 22, 66-77.

GLASTONBURY, J. O. G. (1940a), Petrological notes on further rock specimens collected from in situ occurrences, Commonwealth Bay region. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts., ser. A, 3, Geol. pt. 6, 309-330.

_________ (1940b), Acid effusive and hypabyssal rocks (from the moraines). Ibid., 4, Geol. pt. 4,115-134.

_________ (1940c), Basic igneous rocks and metamorphic equivalents from Commonwealth Bay. Ibid., pt. 5, 137-180.

___________ (1940d), Certain epidotic rocks from the moraines, Commonwealth Bay. Ibid. pt, 6 183-196.

___________ (1940e), Metamorphosed limestones and other calcareous sediments from the moraines. A further collection. Ibid., pt. 8, 295-322.

___________ (1940f), Some hybrid gneisses from the moraines, Cape Denison. Ibid., pt. 9 325-333.

GOURDON, E. (1905), Les ruches Eruptives grenues de la Terre de Graham recueillies par,; l'expédition antarctique du Dr. Charcot. Comptes Rendus des stances de l'Acadcmie des Sciences, 141,1036-1038.

________ (1906), Les rochen microlithiques de la Terre de Graham recueillies par l'expédition antarctique du Dr. Charcot. Ibid., 143, 178-180.

_______ (1907), Sur un microgranite alcalin recueilli nur la Terre de Graham par l'expédition antarctique du Dr. Charcot. Ibid., 144, 1224-1226.

_______ (1908), Geographie physique-Glaciologie-Pétrographie des regions visitées par l'Expédition Antarctique Francaise commandée par le Dr. Charcot (1903-1905). Paris.

________ (1910), Sur deux gisements de zeolites dans l'Antarctique. Compies Rendus des seances de l'Acadimie des Sciences, 151, 153-154.

________ (1914a), Sur la constitution minéralogique des Shetlands su Sud (Ile Deception). Ibid., 158, 583-586.

_________ (1914b), Sur la constitution minéralogique des Shetlands du Sud. Ibid., 158, 19051907.

_________ (1914c), Sur la constitution minéralogique de l'lle Jenny (Antarctique). Ibid., 159, 369-371.

_________ (1917), Minéralogie-Geologie: Deuxibme Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1908-1910) commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Paris.

HOLTEDASL, OLAF (1929), On the geology and physiography of some Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands. Sci. Res. Norwegian Antarctic Exped. 1927-1928 and 1928-1929. 3. Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, 1-172.

JENSEN, H. I. (1916), Report on the petrology of the alkaline rocks of Mount Erebus Antarctica. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-9. Repts. Sci. Investigations. Geol. 2, pt. 7, 93-128.

KLEEMAN, A. W. (1940), Schists and gneisses from the moraines, Cape Denison, Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts. ser. A, 4, Geol. pt. 7, 197292.

KNOWLES, P. H. (1945), Geology of Southern Palmer Land Peninsula, Antarctica. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 89, 132-145.

MACLEOD, W. A., AND WHITE, O. E. (1902), Supplementary notes on some Antarctic rocks and minerals. Papers and Proc. Royal Soc. Tasmania 1900-1901, 38-41.

MAWSON, DOUGLAS (1916), Petrology of rock collections from the mainland of South Victoria Land. British Antarctic Exped.1907--9. Repts. Sci. Investigations. Geol. 2, pt. 13, 201-234.

_______ (1940a), Sedimentary rocks. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts. ser. A, 4, Geol. pt. 11, 347-367.

________ (1940b), Record of minerals of King George Land, Adelie Land and Queen Mary Land. Ibid., pt. 12, 371-404.

________ (1940c), Catalogue of rocks and minerals collected in Antarctic lands. Ibid., pt. 13, 405-432.

MOUNTAIN, E. D. (1925), Potash-oligoclase from Mt. Erebus, Antarctic, and anorthoclase from Mt. Kenya, East Africa. Mineral. Mag., 20(109), 331-345..

NOCKOLDS, S. R. (1940), Petrology of rocks from Queen Mary Land. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts. ser. A, 4, Geol. pt. 2, 15-86.

ORDENSKJÖLD, OTTO (1905), Petrographische Untersuchung aus dem westantarktischen Gebiete. Bull. Geol. Inst. Upsala, 6, 1902-1903, 234-246.

PASSEL, C. F. (1945), Sedimentary rocks of the southern Edsel Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Proc. Amer. Phil ox. Soc., 89, 123-131.

PELIKAN, A. (1909), Geologie. Petrographische Untersuchung der Gesteinsproben. Expédition Antarctique Belge. Résultats du Voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897-1898-1899 sous le commandement de A. de Gerlache de Gomery. Rapports Scientifiques. I, 1-49.

PETERSEN, JOHANNES (1895), Die Reisen des 'Jason' und der 'Hertha' in das antarktische Meer 1893-1894 und die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse dieser Reisen. Mitth. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg., 10, 1891-92, 245-298.

PRIOR, G. T. (1898), Petrographical notes on the rock-specimens collected in Antarctic regions during the voyage of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror under Sir James Clark Ross, in 1839-43. Mineral. Mag., 12, 61-91.

_______ (1902), Report on the rock-specimens collected by the "Southern Cross" Antarctic Expedition. Rept. "Southern Cross" Collections (British Museum), 321-332.

_______ (1907), Report on the rock-specimens collected during the "Discovery" Antarctic

_______ Expedition 1901-4. National Antarctic Exped. 1901-1904. Nat. Hist. 1, Geol., 101-140. - (1910), Petrographical notes on the dolerites and rhyolites of Natal and Zululand. Ann. Natal Mus., 2(2), 141-157.

RASTALL, R. G., AND PRIESTLEY, R. E. (1921), The slate-greywacke formation of Robertson Bay. British Antarctic ("Terra Nova") Exped. 1910. Nat. Hist. Rept. Geol. 1(4), 121-129.

REINISCH, R. (1906), Petrographische Beschreibung der Gaussberg-Gesteine. Deutsche Sudpolar Exped. 1901-1903, 2(1). Kartographie and Geologie, 73-87.

_________ (1912), Erratische Gesteine (besonders aus Eisbergen). Ibid., 2(7). Geographie and Geologie, 629-640.

SCHETELIG, J. (1915), Report on the rock-specimens collected on Roald Amundsen's South Pole Expedition. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I. Mat. -Nature. KI., 4, 1-32. Christiania.

SKEATS, E. W. (1916), Reports on the petrology of some limestones from Antarctica. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-9. Repts. Sci. Investigations. Geol., 2, pt. 12, 189-200.

SMITH, W. CAMPBELL, AND DEBENHAM, F. (1921), The metamorphic rocks of the McMurdo Sound region. British Antarctic ("Terra Nova") Exped. 1910. Nat. His!. Rept. Geol., 1(5), 133-144.

_______ , AND PRIESTLEY, R. E. (1921), The metamorphic rocks of the Terra Nova Bay region. Ibid., 145-166.

________ (1924), The plutonic and hypabyssal rocks of South Victoria Land. Ibid., 1(6), 167 227.

STETSON, H. C., AND UPSON, J. E. (1937), Bottom deposits of the Ross Sea. Jour. Sed. Petrology, 7, 2, 55-66.

STEWART, DUNCAN, JR. (1934a), The petrography of some Antarctic rocks. Am. Mineral., 19, 4, 150-160.

________ (1934b), The petrography of some rocks from South Victoria Land. Proc. Amer.Philos. Soc., 74, 4, 307-310.

_________ (1934c), The University of Michigan Collections of Antarctic rocks and minerals. Ibid., 311-317.

__________ (1934d), Anorthoclase crystals as an index of the migration of penguins. Am. Jour. Sci., 27, 454-456.

_________ (1934e), A contribution to Antarctic petrography. Jour. Geol., 42, 546-550. (19.34f), Petrography of the Beacon sandstone of South Victoria Land. Am. Mineral., 19, 8, 351-359.

__________ (1937), Petrography of some rocks from the South Orkney Islands and the Antarctic Archipelago, Ibid., 22, 3, 178-194.

__________ (1938), Notes on some Adelie Land rocks. Ibid., 23, 7, 464-467.

__________ (1939), Petrography of some South Victoria Land rocks. Ibid., 24, 3, 155-161. (1940), Petrography of rocks from the Pacific Antarctic. Proc. Sixth Pacific Sci. Cong., 2, 741-746.

__________ (1941), Notes on some Marie Byrd Land rocks. Am. Mineral., 26, 1, 42-49.

__________ (1942), Minerals reported from Antarctica. Rocks and Minerals, 17, 1, 12. (1945a), Preliminary report on some intrusives of the Melchior Islands, Antarctica. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 89, 146-147.

__________ (1945b), The petrography of some intrusive rocks from King Edward VII and Marie Byrd Lands. Ibid., 148-151.

__________ (1945c), Abstracts of works on Antarctic petrography. Ibid., 152-159.

__________ (1947), Rocks of the Melchior Islands, Antarctica. Ibid., 91, 229-233.

STILLWELL, F. L. (1918), The metamorphic rocks of Adelie Land. Section 1. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-1914. Sci. Repts. ser. A, Geog., Physiog., Glacial., Oceanog., and Geol., 3, pt. 1, 1-230.

___________ (1923), Amphibolites and related rocks from the moraines, Cape Denison, Adelie Land. Ibid., ser. A, 3, Geol. pt. 4, 259-280.

SUMMERS, H. S., and EDWARDS, A. B. (1940), Granites of King George Land and Adelie Land. With an appendix by A. W. Kleeman. Ibid., ser. A, 4, Geol. pt. 3, 87-113.

THOMAS, H. H. (1921), On the Innes Wilson collection of rocks and minerals from the South Shetland Islands and Trinity Island. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 53, 81-89.

THOMSON, J. A. (1912), On the rock specimens from Central and Western Australia. Collected by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition of 1891-2. Journ. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 1911, 45, pt. 3, 292-317.

___________ (1916), Report on the inclusions of the volcanic rocks of the Ross Archipelago. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-9. Repts. Sci. Investigations. Geol. 2, pt. 8, 129-148.

TILLEY, C. E. (1923), The metamorphic limestones of Commonwealth Bay, Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts., ser. A, 3, Geol. pt. 2, 231-244.

_________ (1930), Petrographical notes on rocks from Elephant Island, South Shetlands. Report on the geological collections made during the voyage of the "Quest" on the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition to the South Atlantic and Weddell Sea in 1921-1922. British Museum (Natural History), 55-62.

__________ (1936), Enderbite, a new member of the charnockite series. Geol. Mag., 73, 312-316.

__________ (1937a), Rocks from Enderby Land. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Exped. 19291931. Repts., ser. A, 2, Geol. pt. 1, 1-16.

__________ (1937b), Rocks from MacRobertson Land, Antarctica. Ibid., pt. 2, 17-26.

__________ (1940), A group of gneisses (sillimanitic and cordieritic) from the moraines at Cape Denison, Antarctica. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911-14. Sci. Repts., ser. A, 4, Geol. pt. 10, 337-344.

TYRRELL, G. W. (1921), A contribution to the petrography of the South Shetland Islands, the Palmer Archipelago, and the Danco Land Coast, Graham Land, Antarctica. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 53, 57-79.

_________ (1945), Report on rocks from West Antarctica and the Scotia Arc. Discovery Reports, 23,37-102.

WADE, F. A. (1937), Petrologic and. structural relations of the Edsel Ford Range, Marie Byrd Land, to other Antarctic mountains. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 48, 1387-1396.

________ (1945), The geology of the Rockefeller Mountains. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 89, 1, 67-77.

WALKOM, A. B. (1916), Report on the pyroxene granulites collected by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-1909. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-09. Repts. Sci. Investigations, Geol. 2, pt. 10, 161-168.

WARNER, L. A. (1945), Structure and petrography of the Southern Edsel Ford Ranges, Antarctica. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 89, 1, 78-122.

WOOLNOUGH, W. G. (1916), Petrological notes on some of the erratics collected at Cape Royds. British Antarctic Exped. 1907-09. Repts. Sci. Investigations, Geol. 2, pt. 11, 169188.

WORDIE , J. M. (1921), Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917. Geological observations in the Weddell Sea area. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 53, 17-27.